Approximate time: 90 minutes

Learning Objectives:

Single-cell RNA-seq clustering analysis

Now that we have performed the integration, we want to know the different cell types present within our population of cells.

Goals:

Challenges:

Recommendations:

Exploration of quality control metrics

To determine whether our clusters might be due to artifacts such as cell cycle phase or mitochondrial expression, it can be useful to explore these metrics visually to see if any clusters exhibit enrichment or are different from the other clusters. However, if enrichment or differences are observed for particular clusters it may not be worrisome if it can be explained by the cell type.

To explore and visualize the various quality metrics, we will use the versatile DimPlot() and FeaturePlot() functions from Seurat.

Segregation of clusters by sample

We can start by exploring the distribution of cells per cluster in each sample:

# Extract identity and sample information from seurat object to determine the number of cells per cluster per sample
n_cells <- FetchData(seurat_integrated, 
                     vars = c("ident", "sample")) %>%
        dplyr::count(ident, sample)

# Barplot of number of cells per cluster by sample
ggplot(n_cells, aes(x=ident, y=n, fill=sample)) +
    geom_bar(position=position_dodge(), stat="identity") +
    geom_text(aes(label=n), vjust = -.2, position=position_dodge(1))

We can visualize the cells per cluster for each sample using the UMAP:

# UMAP of cells in each cluster by sample
DimPlot(seurat_integrated, 
        label = TRUE, 
        split.by = "sample")  + NoLegend()

Additionally, we can supply the metadata dataframe from our seurat object into ggplot to create more visuals. Looking at a UMAP is a great way to get a first pass look at your dataset, but we encourage you to look at your data in multiple different ways. For example, looking at the proportion of cells from a sample in each cluster.

# Barplot of proportion of cells in each cluster by sample
ggplot(seurat_integrated@meta.data) +
    geom_bar(aes(x=integrated_snn_res.0.8, fill=sample), position=position_fill())

Generally, we expect to see the majority of the cell type clusters to be present in all conditions; however, depending on the experiment we might expect to see some condition-specific cell types present. These clusters look pretty similar between conditions, which is good since we expected similar cell types to be present in both control and stimulated conditions.

Segregation of clusters by cell cycle phase

Next, we can explore whether the cells cluster by the different cell cycle phases. We did not regress out variation due to cell cycle phase when we performed the SCTransform normalization and regression of uninteresting sources of variation. If our cell clusters showed large differences in cell cycle expression, this would be an indication we would want to re-run the SCTransform and add the S.Score and G2M.Score to our variables to regress, then re-run the rest of the steps.

# Explore whether clusters segregate by cell cycle phase
DimPlot(seurat_integrated,
        label = TRUE, 
        split.by = "Phase")  + NoLegend()

We do not see much clustering by cell cycle score, so we can proceed with the QC.

Segregation of clusters by various sources of uninteresting variation

Next we will explore additional metrics, such as the number of UMIs and genes per cell, S-phase and G2M-phase markers, and mitochondrial gene expression by UMAP. Looking at the individual S and G2M scores can give us additional information to checking the phase as we did previously.

# Determine metrics to plot present in seurat_integrated@meta.data
metrics <-  c("nUMI", "nGene", "S.Score", "G2M.Score", "mitoRatio")

FeaturePlot(seurat_integrated, 
            reduction = "umap", 
            features = metrics,
            pt.size = 0.4, 
            order = TRUE,
            min.cutoff = 'q10',
            label = TRUE)

NOTE: The order argument will plot the positive cells above the negative cells, while the min.cutoff argument will determine the threshold for shading. A min.cutoff of q10 translates to the 10% of cells with the lowest expression of the gene will not exhibit any purple shading (completely gray).

The metrics seem to be relatively even across the clusters, with the exception of nGene exhibiting slightly higher values in clusters to the left of the plot. This can be more clearly seen when we look at the distribution as a boxplot. We can keep an eye on these clusters to see whether the cell types may explain the increase.

# Boxplot of nGene per cluster
ggplot(seurat_integrated@meta.data) +
    geom_boxplot(aes(x=integrated_snn_res.0.8, y=nGene, fill=integrated_snn_res.0.8)) +
    NoLegend()

If we see differences corresponding to any of these metrics at this point in time, then we will often note them and then decide after identifying the cell type identities whether to take any further action.

Exploration of the PCs driving the different clusters

We can also explore how well our clusters separate by the different PCs; we hope that the defined PCs separate the cell types well. To visualize this information, we need to extract the UMAP coordinate information for the cells along with their corresponding scores for each of the PCs to view by UMAP.

First, we identify the information we would like to extract from the Seurat object, then, we can use the FetchData() function to extract it.

# Defining the information in the seurat object of interest
columns <- c(paste0("PC_", 1:16),
            "ident",
            "UMAP_1", "UMAP_2")

# Extracting this data from the seurat object
pc_data <- FetchData(seurat_integrated, 
                     vars = columns)

NOTE 1: How did we know in the FetchData() function to include UMAP_1 to obtain the UMAP coordinates? The Seurat cheatsheet describes the function as being able to pull any data from the expression matrices, cell embeddings, or metadata.

For instance, if you explore the seurat_integrated@reductions list object, the first component is for PCA, and includes a slot for cell.embeddings. We can use the column names (PC_1, PC_2, PC_3, etc.) to pull out the coordinates or PC scores corresponding to each cell for each of the PCs.

We could do the same thing for UMAP:

# Extract the UMAP coordinates for the first 10 cells
seurat_integrated@reductions$umap@cell.embeddings[1:10, 1:2]

The FetchData() function just allows us to extract the data more easily.

NOTE 2: The pre-existing seurat_integrated loaded in previously was created using an older version of Seurat. As such the columns we Fetch() are in upper case (i.e UMAP_1). If you are using your own seurat object using a newer version of Seurat you will need to change the column names as shown below. Alternatively, explore your Seurat object to see how they have been stored.

 # Defining the information in the seurat object of interest
 columns <- c(paste0("PC_", 1:16),
           "ident",
           "umap_1", "umap_2")

In the UMAP plots below, the cells are colored by their PC score for each respective principal component.

Let’s take a quick look at the top 16 PCs:

# Adding cluster label to center of cluster on UMAP
umap_label <- FetchData(seurat_integrated, 
                        vars = c("ident", "UMAP_1", "UMAP_2"))  %>%
  group_by(ident) %>%
  dplyr::summarise(x=mean(UMAP_1), y=mean(UMAP_2))
  
# Plotting a UMAP plot for each of the PCs
map(paste0("PC_", 1:16), function(pc){
        ggplot(pc_data, 
               aes(UMAP_1, UMAP_2)) +
                geom_point(aes_string(color=pc), 
                           alpha = 0.7) +
                scale_color_gradient(guide = FALSE, 
                                     low = "grey90", 
                                     high = "blue")  +
                geom_text(data=umap_label, 
                          aes(label=ident, x, y)) +
                ggtitle(pc)
}) %>% 
        plot_grid(plotlist = .)

We can see how the clusters are represented by the different PCs. For instance, the genes driving PC_2 exhibit higher expression in clusters 8 and 12. We could look back at our genes driving this PC to get an idea of what the cell types might be:

# Examine PCA results 
print(seurat_integrated[["pca"]], dims = 1:5, nfeatures = 5)

With the GNLY and NKG7 genes as positive markers of PC_2, we can hypothesize that clusters 8 and 12 correspond to NK cells. This just hints at what the clusters identity could be, with the identities of the clusters being determined through a combination of the PCs.

To truly determine the identity of the clusters and whether the resolution is appropriate, it is helpful to explore a handful of known gene markers for the cell types expected.

Exploring known cell type markers

With the cells clustered, we can explore the cell type identities by looking for known markers. The UMAP plot with clusters marked is shown, followed by the different cell types expected.

DimPlot(object = seurat_integrated, 
        reduction = "umap", 
        label = TRUE) + NoLegend()

Cell Type Marker
CD14+ monocytes CD14, LYZ
FCGR3A+ monocytes FCGR3A, MS4A7
Conventional dendritic cells FCER1A, CST3
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells IL3RA, GZMB, SERPINF1, ITM2C
B cells CD79A, MS4A1
T cells CD3D
CD4+ T cells CD3D, IL7R, CCR7
CD8+ T cells CD3D, CD8A
NK cells GNLY, NKG7
Megakaryocytes PPBP
Erythrocytes HBB, HBA2

The FeaturePlot() function from seurat makes it easy to visualize a handful of genes using the gene IDs stored in the Seurat object. We can easily explore the expression of known gene markers on top of our UMAP visualizations. Let’s go through and determine the identities of the clusters. To access the normalized expression levels of all genes, we can use the normalized count data stored in the RNA assay slot.

NOTE: The SCTransform normalization was performed only on the 3000 most variable genes, so many of our genes of interest may not be present in this data.

# Select the RNA counts slot to be the default assay
DefaultAssay(seurat_integrated) <- "RNA"

# Normalize RNA data for visualization purposes
seurat_integrated <- NormalizeData(seurat_integrated, verbose = FALSE)

NOTE: Assay is a slot defined in the Seurat object, it has multiple slots within it. In a given assay, the counts slot stores non-normalized raw counts, and the data slot stores normalized expression data. Therefore, when we run the NormalizeData() function in the above code, the normalized data will be stored in the data slot of the RNA assay while the counts slot will remain unaltered.

Depending on our markers of interest, they could be positive or negative markers for a particular cell type. The combined expression of our chosen handful of markers should give us an idea on whether a cluster corresponds to that particular cell type.

For the markers used here, we are looking for positive markers and consistency of expression of the markers across the clusters. For example, if there are two markers for a cell type and only one of them is expressed in a cluster - then we cannot reliably assign that cluster to the cell type.

CD14+ monocyte markers

FeaturePlot(seurat_integrated, 
            reduction = "umap", 
            features = c("CD14", "LYZ"), 
            order = TRUE,
            min.cutoff = 'q10', 
            label = TRUE)

CD14+ monocytes appear to correspond to clusters 1, and 3. We wouldn’t include clusters 14 and 10 because they do not highly express both of these markers.

FCGR3A+ monocyte markers

FeaturePlot(seurat_integrated, 
            reduction = "umap", 
            features = c("FCGR3A", "MS4A7"), 
            order = TRUE,
            min.cutoff = 'q10', 
            label = TRUE)

FCGR3A+ monocytes markers distinctly highlight cluster 10, although we do see some decent expression in clusters 1 and 3 We would like to see additional markers for FCGR3A+ cells show up when we perform the marker identification.

Macrophages

FeaturePlot(seurat_integrated, 
            reduction = "umap", 
            features = c("MARCO", "ITGAM", "ADGRE1"), 
            order = TRUE,
            min.cutoff = 'q10', 
            label = TRUE)

We don’t see much overlap of our markers, so no clusters appear to correspond to macrophages; perhaps cell culture conditions negatively selected for macrophages (more highly adherent).

Conventional dendritic cell markers

FeaturePlot(seurat_integrated, 
            reduction = "umap", 
            features = c("FCER1A", "CST3"), 
            order = TRUE,
            min.cutoff = 'q10', 
            label = TRUE)

The markers corresponding to conventional dendritic cells identify cluster 14 (both markers consistently show expression).

Plasmacytoid dendritic cell markers

FeaturePlot(seurat_integrated, 
            reduction = "umap", 
            features = c("IL3RA", "GZMB", "SERPINF1", "ITM2C"), 
            order = TRUE,
            min.cutoff = 'q10', 
            label = TRUE)

Plasmacytoid dendritic cells represent cluster 16. While there are a lot of differences in the expression of these markers, we see cluster 16 (though small) is consistently strongly expressed.

Seurat also has a built in visualization tool which allows us to view the average expression of genes across clusters called DotPlot(). This function additionally shows us how many cells within the cluster have expression of one gene. As input, we supply a list of genes - note that we cannot use the same gene twice or an error will be thrown.

# List of known celltype markers
markers <- list()
markers[["CD14+ monocytes"]] <- c("CD14", "LYZ")
markers[["FCGR3A+ monocyte"]] <- c("FCGR3A", "MS4A7")
markers[["Macrophages"]] <- c("MARCO", "ITGAM", "ADGRE1")
markers[["Conventional dendritic"]] <- c("FCER1A", "CST3")
markers[["Plasmacytoid dendritic"]] <- c("IL3RA", "GZMB", "SERPINF1", "ITM2C")

# Create dotplot based on RNA expression
DotPlot(seurat_integrated, markers, assay="RNA")

Exercise

Hypothesize the clusters corresponding to each of the different clusters in the table:

Cell Type Clusters
CD14+ monocytes 1, 3
FCGR3A+ monocytes 10
Conventional dendritic cells 14
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells 16
Marcrophages -
B cells ?
T cells ?
CD4+ T cells ?
CD8+ T cells ?
NK cells ?
Megakaryocytes ?
Erythrocytes ?
Unknown ?

NOTE: If any cluster appears to contain two separate cell types, it’s helpful to increase our clustering resolution to properly subset the clusters. Alternatively, if we still can’t separate out the clusters using increased resolution, then it’s possible that we had used too few principal components such that we are just not separating out these cell types of interest. To inform our choice of PCs, we could look at our PC gene expression overlapping the UMAP plots and determine whether our cell populations are separating by the PCs included.

Now we have a decent idea as to the cell types corresponding to the majority of the clusters, but some questions remain:

  1. T cell markers appear to be highly expressed in may clusters. How can we differentiate and subset the larger group into smaller subset of cells?
  2. Do the clusters corresponding to the same cell types have biologically meaningful differences? Are there subpopulations of these cell types?
  3. Can we acquire higher confidence in these cell type identities by identifying other marker genes for these clusters?

Marker identification analysis can help us address all of these questions!!

The next step will be to perform marker identification analysis, which will output the genes that significantly differ in expression between clusters. Using these genes we can determine or improve confidence in the identities of the clusters/subclusters.

This lesson has been developed by members of the teaching team at the Harvard Chan Bioinformatics Core (HBC). These are open access materials distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution license (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.